Genetické markery - současný trend ve šlechtění rostlin

Genetic markers - the progressive trends in plant breeding

Genetické markery - současný trend ve šlechtění rostlin

Pavel VEJL, Sylva SKUPINOVÁ, Petr SEDLÁK, Martina BARDOVÁ

KGOZ AF ČZU

Souhrn, klíčová slova

Metody molekulárních markerů dnes patří k dynamicky se rozvíjejícím nástrojům moderních šlechtitelů. Tento příspěvek shrnuje možnosti využití molekulárních markerů v domácím šlechtění odrůd rajčat, jabloní a brambor na rezistenci vůči nejproblematičtějším škodlivým organismům těchto plodin. Geny rezistence uvedených plodin byly detekovány a charakterizovány vybranými DNA markery. Byla ověřena segregace markerů ve vybraných potomstvech.

Rajče, jabloň, brambor, DNA markery, rezistence, Venturia inaequalis, Meloidogyne incognita, Globodera rostochiensis

Summary, keywords

At the present time, methods of molecular markers belong to progressively developed tools of modern breeders. This paper summarises capability of using of molecular markers in autochthonous breeding of tomato, apple and potato for resistance against to the most pestilential pests of these crops. Genes of resistance of the crops were detected and characterised by elected DNA markers. There was verified segregation of markers in elected progenies, as well.

Tomato, apple, potato, DNA markers, resistance, Venturia inaequalis, Meloidogyne incognita, Globodera rostochiensis

Introduction

Resistance of preponderance present-day cultivars is conditioned by majorgenes. In tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum) is the resistance against to parasitic soil nematode Meloidogyne incognita determined by Mi gene. In apple (Malus x domestica BORKH.) exists gene Vf that is responsible for resistance to apple scab (Venturiainaequalis CKE.). The basic gene of potato resistance against to Ro1 pathotype of potato cyst nematode (Globoderarostochiensis) is dominant allele of H1 gene.

Methods

For DNA analysis of tomato were used F2 progenies of cultivars Nema F1 and Petopride F1. The both cultivars have genotype Mimi - are resistant. For bulked analysis of F2 progeny was used a co-dominant CAPS marker according to Willamson et al. (1994). Experiment with apple was realised with collected resistant cultivars with dominant allele Vf (Otava, Rajka, Resista, Rosana, Rubinola, Selena, Topaz) and cultivars with recessive allele vf (Angold, Gloster, Golden Delicious, Idared, Mac Intosh, Oldenburg Red, Spartan, Zuzana). For detection of Vf was used modified method according to Tartarini et al. (1999). For DNA analysis of segregation of H1 allele in potato were used F1 progenies of hybridisation between cultivars Ornella x Mira and Tábor x Mira. Cultivar Mira is resistant against to Ro1, cultivars Ornella and Tábor are susceptible. Here was applied modified PCR marker according to Niewöhner et al. (1995). DNA of all plants was isolated by GenElute Plant Genomic DNA Kit” (Sigma, SRN). All markers were applied according to cited authors.

Results - discussion

The said modifications of methods are results of optimisation that is necessary for the flawless function of the method. More of information about the optimisation is possible to read in relevant articles in this book. The all of results have corresponded with results of said authors. Nema F1 and Petopride F1 were heterozygous in Mi gene. In F2 progeny of tomatoes were identified all possible genotypic combinations in correspondence with presumptive segregation ratio (1:2:1). Results were in congruence with greenhouse tests. Roots of susceptible plants were by Meloidogyne incognita affected. In apples were identified heterozygous and recessively homozygous genotypes. It corresponded with declared resistance or susceptibility respectively of cultivars. In F1 progenies of the said hybrid combinations was detected dominant allele of H1 gene in congruence with provocation greenhouse tests provided by VÚB Havl. Brod. Next statistical analyse proved, that the genotype of cultivar Mira is H1h1h1h1, thus simplex.

References

Niewöhner, J. - Salamini, F. - Gebhardt, Ch.: Development of PCR assays diagnostic for RFLP marker alleles closely linked to alleles Gro1 and H1, conferring resistance to the root cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis in potato. Molecular Breeding, 1, 1995, 67-78.

Tartarini, S.- Gianfransceschi, L. - Sansavini, S. - Gessler, C.: Development of reliable PCR markers for the selection of the Vf gene conferring scab resistance in apple. Plant Breeding,

Williamson, V. M. - Ho, J. Y. - Wu, F. F. - MILLER, N. - Kaloshian, I.: A PCR-based marker tightly linked to the nematode resistance gene, Mi, in tomato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 87, 1994, 757 - 763.

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This paper is a result of cooperation with VÚB Havlíčkův Brod, VŠÚO Holovousy, Moravoseed spol. s r. o. and with support of grant projects: NAZV - MZe ČR: EP9107, EP9229, QD1267, QD1049, FRVŠ: G4 - 11 Praktikum z molekulární genetiky rostlin a molekulární fytodiagnostiky 02, MSM: 412100002, ČZU 21190/1312/213110, ČZU 1160/1312/213143.