English summary AGRO No. 9-10/2003

Calendar of plant protection. Reccomendations for September and October

Early sowed growths of winter cereals can become weedy already in autumn especially under conditions that are favorable (humidity, temperature, thin growth) for weed growing. Postponing herbicidal treatment until spring can result in problems such as overgrown weeds in the spring that remain almost unaffected even by a maximal permitted doze of the herbicide especially when the autumn is relatively warm and the winter is mild.

Kochia scoparia

Kochia scoparia is a fully naturalized neophyt in the Czech republic. This ruderal species, which was spreading successfully around roads (railways, high roads etc.) is, especially in Moravia, gradually becoming weed of root-crops, thus making their harvest quite complicated.

Articum around our fields

Articumbelongs among the frequent ruderal species which occure near fields. These comprise well known and popular biennial plants. In our country we can encounter four species three of which are potential weeds. Is is therefore necessary to be able to recognize the individual species from each other and know their live functions. .

Development of winter crops autummn in terms of fungal diseases

Young plants of winter wheat, winter barley, rye and tritikale stay in the fields for a long time and as a result they are exposed to the influence of various pathogenic organisms.

Taking into account the course of weather in the last years it is justified to suppose

that epidemies of fungal diseases may occure that develop during autumn and before winter make the growth weaker.

Flocculence in potatoes bulbs and possibilities of protection against this disease

Flocculence of potatoes bulbs the cuasal agent of which is the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, has been known so far under the name of potatoe root rot. Its current name better conveys one of the symptoms of the disease and is in agreement with the rules that apply in the new international and nomenclature of diseases.

The problematics of viruses in cereals is becoming important

After the last year occurence of viruses atacking cereals that amounted to calamity it is neccessary to be aware of the dangers threatening cereals in autumn. A lot of experts have dealt with the problematics of virous diseases that helped the farmers to prevent such viruses from occuring in cereals.

Grey decay in vegetables

In germinant plants such as lettuce, cucumber and tomatos the fungus B. fuckeliana is a potential causal agent of serious damages. In such cases the basic prevention can be ensured by growths that are not too thick and are grown when there is enough light , adequate dressing and when the soil and air temperature is not too high. A suitable measure is dressing seeds using fungicidal preparative. Effective desinfection is highly reccomended.

Dangerous, imported and quarantinal diseases affecting forest and ornamental woods

In the last few years of the previous century and at the begining of this century a lot of new fungal diseases were discovered in our country the occurence of which had never been recorded before.

The most frequent pests in cereals in autumn possibilities of protection

Among the most imoprant pests occuring in cereals in autumn rank highly the main transimittors of viruses affecting cereals Psammotettix alienus. Among plant louse these are primarily Sitobion avenae a Rhopalosiphum padi and a lot of others. Another pest with potential for causing damages is Zabrus tenebriodes.

Autumn application of growth regulators of winter cereals

Autumn application of growth regulators of winter cereals has not been exploited enough in agricultural practice. Their use is quite suitable in early sown winter wheat growths. Plants take roots more easily, especially in dry conditions thus creating better conditions for overwintering.

Care for lawn in late summer and in the autumn pays off

As far as lawns are concerned it is the case that winter conditions fully check wheter or not the grower forgot to carry out all the neecessary treatments and measures that ensure good enough quality of the lawn thus helping it survive thze critical winter period such as alteration of low and high temperatures. Also, infectious diseases may occure.

Development of acidity of arable soil in region Vysočina between 1990 2001

Soil reaction which is a basic indicator of soil fertility influences directly a lot of agrochemical and biochemical processes and is closely related to the content of available nutrients in soil, humus quality, soil structure and the potential influence on the creation and

accumulation of toxic substances in soil. That is why adjusting and keeping favorable chemical reaction is a basic agrochemical measure in the area of plant nutrition

Triflurex 48 EC and Tolurex 50 SC herbicides for basic treatment of winter cereals

Herbicidal treatment of winter cereals immediatelly after they have been sown brings without doubt a lot of advantages. Weeds in this period achieve early phases of development and are more sensitive to effective substances in herbicides which can be applied in low doses which saves growers costs significantly.

Do not forget about the measure to limit occurence of viruses in winter cereals growths

The majority of us will surely remember the spring 2002, when people walked on then growths of winter barley and wheat thinking why it does not want to grow. In this period a lot of opinions arose that it was caused by stress, nutrition, fungal diseases etc. Analyses indicated strong occurence of viruses. Then proposals of solutions followed suggesting

how to prevent it from happening in the future. One of them included changing the date of seeding. The unfavorable development of conditions for seeding last year showed that changing the date will not be the suitable solution leading to restriction of infections in growths.

Application of Borosol fertilizer in nutrition winter cole seed

Trace elements that are contained in plant fibers in tiny amounts are characterized by high biological activity. The lack of any microelement is accompanied by growth disorders,

physiological development disorders, and disturbed metabolism as well as lowered resistance against diseases and pests. Among the trace elements that have the biggest influence on quality and amount of yield is ranks B as the most important one.

Technologies of minimisation (soil protection) and crop alteration in respect of state of health of cole seed

The spread of processes of minimisation is very fast and it is estimated that in some regions they are applied at 50% areas on which cereals and oil seed rape is grown. Our erlier observations and those carried out in France Germany and USA and other parts of the Czech republic made it possible to create a more integrated opinion that také into account both the negative and positive aspects of these technologies. That is why they cannot be a reason for total acceptance or refusal of these procedures.

Possibilities of controling plant diseases

Harmful factors in agriculture can bring about substantial losses of yield and the quality of crops and thus damage the effectivity of their growing. A disease in a plant can occure either in a sporadic way or its effect can be serious. The possibilities of controlling diseases in plants can be divided into a few levels. Generally speaking that costs connected witžh checking the plant must not exceed the necessarry costs connected with its growing and thus diminish the expected profit.

Protecting waters from pollution by nitrates from agriculture.

This april the Government regulation number 103/2003 of the Collection of laws was published. This regulation deals with determination of areas susceptible to suffer harm, use and storing of fertilizers , plant alteration, and anti erosive measures in these areas (further only regulations). Thus the Council Regulation 91/676/EEC on water protection from pollution of rivers caused by agriculture was fully implemented into Czech legislature.

Plasts in place of steel. Test of application device for liqiud manure Zunhammer

Steel or plasts? The selection of ideal material for manufacturing a tank for liquid manure encourages discussion. While other manufacturers cannot or do not want to express their opinion on this issue, Zuhammer is clear on it. Tanks are constructed only plasts. He main argument is lower weight enabling to achieve higher volume of the tank. Apart from this, it is not susceptible to corrosion.

List of harmful effects - Abiotic disorders in cereals

In this closing chapter of our list of harmful organisms of cereals we want to explore the huge and unknown area of abiotic disorders in cereals. There are a lot of reasons for it.