English summary AGRO 2/2004

Calendar of plant protection. Recommendations for February and March (Gall)

It will be necessary to protect winter cole-seed from air raids of the harmful insects, when the temperature exceeds 6 °C. Winter cereals are in the process of germination. Growths that germinate late will need a bigger dose of regenerating fertilizer. It will be necessary to treat growths, should need arise, as soon as possible. Also, do not forget to check for diseases. If necessary, orchards are to be treated against pests. Page

Herbicides in winter wheat the results of the experiment carried out in 2002/2003 (Bernardová)

The dry weather typical for most parts of the Czech Republic resulted in slow and uneven growth of winter cereals from early spring on. Also weeds germinated mostly later and in lesser numbers. On the whole the autumn applications of herbicides were more successful in the years 2002/2003. This applies not only to experimental plots but also to normal operational areas. Page

Impact of technology of minimization on the spectrum of species of weeds that occur in oil-seed rape (Winkler)

Development of technologies of minimization has been primarily enabled by mass-usage of herbicides. In effect, the detrimental impact of ploughing on weeds is being replaced by chemical regulation. On the fields where the traditional soil processing has been used there have been found 9 weed-species more than on the fields where the technologies of minimization have been applied. There is, hence, no significant difference between the average numbers of weed species. Page

“Often forgotten” weeds and their significance (Mikulka)

In agronomical-ecological systems there exist relationships between individual plants. Competition is one of the most important of such relations. The ability to compete is determined by many conditions and plant characteristics. The weed species that cause problems only under certain conditions include: Mercurialis annua, Chamomilla suaveolens, Poa annua, Fallopia convolvulus, Tithymalus heliscopia, Rorippa sylvestris, Senecio vulgaris, Xanthoxalis corniculata, Portulaca oleracea, Urtica urens. Page

Spectrum of species of early spring weeds (Holec)

Weeds labeled as annual early spring weeds give offshoots and germinate in the early spring, in temperatures slightly exceeding 0 °C. Their life-cycle is mostly correlated with that of spring plants. They occur in greatest numbers in early sown spring crops in spite of the fact that they can give offshoots throughout the year and can infest plants sown later. They winter only rarely. In the spring they occur in thin growths of winter-crops and perennial fodder crops. They reproduce only in a generative way. Page

Monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds in oil-seed rape in spring (Fišer)

Weeds can compete successfully with oil-seed rape for living space. Well established growths of oil-seed rape, suitable species of oil-seed rape for the particular production area, proper nurishing, and proper protection against weeds, diseases, and pests guarantees achieving maximum yields.

The above measures cannot serve as an excuse for underestimating the importance of basic agro-technical equipment or sowing. Page

Current problems in soya protection against weeds (Podrábský)

In 2003 the total area on which soya is grown has been increased achieving the total of 7500 hectars. In regard of new possibilities of domestic soya beans treatment enabling their usage in animal fodder production, an increased interest in soya beans production is to be expected.

One of the determining factors influencing the yields of soya is the protection against weeds.. Competing weeds consume water, nutrients, space and screen soya from light. This leads to lower yields and higher losses during harvest. Page

Protecting soya from harm causing factors (Mižík)

The areas used for growing soya has been on increase in the past years. Yet there are many unclear factors regarding soya growing. In general it can be concluded that soya can be grown successfully in the locations where sugar beet thrives. The success in soya growing is determined primarily by the choice of the area and , even more importantly, by weed control. Page

Tanacetum vulgare (Uhlík)

Tanacetum vulgareL. is a strong, tough, resistant plant with well developed underground organs. It is undemanding as far as soil conditions are concerned. For its regulation preventative measures, such as mowing of meadows, play an important role. Smaller seed-plots can be destroyed using herbicides or mechanically. Page

Low temperature and its influence on photosynthesis and content of energy in leaves of winter wheat (Hnilička)

Reduction of growth processes is characteristic of winter. This is one of the significant biological laws ensuring endurance of plants in unfavorable weather conditions. Plants are sensitive to temporary bouts of warmer (less cold) weather. Based on the experiments carried out from 2001 to 2003 we tried to determine cold resistance, photosynthesis and photosynthetic accumulation in leaves in selected species of winter wheat. Page

The influence of preceding crops of the sort of colewort on winter wheat (Kroutil)

Influence of colewort type of plants on wheat grown subsequently on the same field, especially on its health and yields was monitored from 2001 to 2003. Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides occurred mostly after winter cole seed Pronto and spring cole seed. Winter

wheat had a negative impact on occurrence of Septorium on the pennon leaf. The biggest occurence of spike diseases was recorded after winter Sarept mustard and winter cole Rex. Page

Experience with using fungicides in growths of poppy seed (Cihlář)

Currently in the growths of poppy seed in the Czech republic Perenospora arborescens and Dendrophilon peniciliatum occur most frequently. The influence of application of a few fungicides was monitored on experimental fields. The fungicidal protection proved significant in all the three years. The report shows new possibilities of registration of preparative used in growths of poppy-seed. Page

Problems with fruit protection against fungal diseases in 2003 (Lánský)

Development and intensity of occurrence of diseases affecting stone fruit and core fruit. Intensity of occurrence of diseases in stone fruit and core fruit depends on the weather, primarily on the air temperature and intensity of rains or more precisely the total time during which the leaves are wet. Comparison of temperature with fungal diseases occurrence indicates that increased temperature leads to higher intensity of fungal diseases. Also, the periods of higher occurrence of fungal diseases were correlated with extreme fluctuations in temperature when short periods of hot weather where followed by short periods of cold weather. Throughout the growing period the rain fall was under the average and the most critical month was June. Page

Fruit growing year 2003 (Ludvík)

In 2003 over 18 000 tons of fruits was reaped in orchards of intensive fruit growing. The success in fruit growing business is determined not only by protection of orchards but its realization is better than in previous years. After ingathering 47 804 tons of apples for direct consumption was successfully stored. This is less than the amount stored last year by 13. % and lower by 2 % than the average of the last 5 years. Page

The most significant pests harmful to poppy seed (Muška)

Growing poppy seed is a tradition in the Czech republic. Nowadays it is an important crop on the market. From 1995 to 2000 it was grown on the total area of 14 000 hectares (1996) 45 000 hectares (1999). Yields amounted to 0,57 tons/hectare (1997) - 0,80 tons/hectare (2000). The significant fluctuations in yield is due to the weather conditions, occurrence of diseases and pests. The pests include mainly Aphis fabae, Stenocarus ruficornis and Neoglacianus maculaalba. Page

Integrated protection of core fruits, blue and red stone fruits against overwintering pests (Kneifl)

Spring treatment against hibernating pests forms an important part of the overall system of protection against pests. One application, ensuring protection until the time of flowering of fruit trees, usually suffices. Spring protection does not carry the risk of contaminating of fruits by residuals of used preparative , nor does it kill useful animal species. Page

Poisoning of bees in connection with plant protection (Přidal)

The major part in poisoning is played by organophophates and insecticides based on carbamate that poison on touch or on consuming. According to statistics the majority of poisoning is nowadays caused by the following compounds: fenoxycarb, dimethoate, chlorpirifos-methyl, fipronil and chlorpyrifos. Page

Winter oil-seed rape in the spring (Baierová)

Unfavorable atmospheric condition in 2002 also affected winter oil-seed rape. Particularly in some places in Moravia over 80% of fields with oil-seed rape had to be ploughed in. The nitrogen supply was sufficient but plants could not take in much nitrogen due to the bad weather conditions. Only fertilizers applied via leaves could be exploited to a higher extent. Even water these fertilizers contained helped to overcome the dry conditions. Page

New trends in fertilizing with mineral fertilizers (Růžek)

New procedures in technologies of growing have required new attitudes toward fertilizing and led to new demands on produced mineral fertilizers. the producers of fertilizers react slowly on the needs of precise agriculture, local applications, fertilizing in arid regions, late additional fertilizing etc. In order to make a better use of nutrients in fertilizers it is vital to utilize diagnostic methods when determining doses of mineral fertilizers. Page

Experience with application of regulation on use of nitrates (Klír)

From the 1st January 2004 on agriculturists operating in harm-prone regions are obliged to comply with measures of action program of “nitrate” regulation. Thus the implementation of the regulation of Council 91/676/EHS (nitrate regulation) in the Czech republic is practically completed. At the end of 2003 amendment of law number 254/2001 of Collection of Laws was passed. This amendment also concerns nitrate regulations and fertilizer management. Page

Spring oil-seed rape, white mustard, mustard of Sarept and poppy seed (Baranyk)

An important group of crops in our agriculture is comprised of spring oil plants namely: oil-seed rape, white mustard, Sarept mustard and poppy seed. Their growing has undergone frequent fluctuations in the past years. This reflects the difficulties in growing winter cole seed i.e. problems with seting up growths or with winter or pests having detrimental affect on some areas. In such areas spring cole seed or whit mustard is used as substitute for sowing. Page

Newly registered species of savoy cabbage used for feeding animals in 2003 (Fadrný)

Growing savoy cabbage for feeding is a tradition in the Czech republic. Until 2003 four species had been registered in the State book of species of the Czech republic - (Eva, Inka, Pavla a Zina). In 2003 the first foreign species of cabbage for feeding Bicaulor- was registered. Page

Newly registered species of grass in 2003 (Fadrný)

In 2003 22 new species, to be used as forage crops or for lawns of grass, were registered in State book of species in the Czech republic.When compared with the past, less forage species were registered but more foreign and domestic companies are interested in registering lawn species. Currently applications for registration of 81 grass species are being processed. Page

Summary of species of peas, purple-flowered pea and soya registered in 2003 (Mezlík)

In 2003 three new species of peas (Hardy, Power, Tempra), two new species of purple-flowered pea (Lucie, Mely) and two species of soya (OAC Erin, Quito) were registered in the State book of species. All the newly registered species of peas can be characterized by stable high yield of seed and resistance against lying down prior to harvest. Lucie and Mely give high yields of seed and are efficient as forage plants. New soya species give high yields of seeds. Page

Factors affecting processes determining productivity in cereals (Petr)

Productivity processes are comprised of many parts which are determined genetically and by many external factors. The basic productivity process is photosynthesis, a unique ability of plants to convert compunds coming from outside e.g. carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients into organic matter. Hence any interference using argonomical technology should be aimed toward optimizing the conditions that are favorable to photosynthesis. Page

News concerning growing and current problems concerning mustard (Vašák)

Mustard growing is not much dependent on the level of innput. On the contrary doses of N exceeding 70 kg / hectar can have a negative effect. This has a limiting effect on the potential of intenzification. The condition to be fulfilled so that yields about 1,1 tons per hectar can be achieved is sowing in april and a complex of other argotechnical measures such as selection of a suitable location and protection against weeds and pests. Page

Additives also require proper handling (DLZ)

While producers recommend auxiliary substances for some herbicides, their usage alongside with some fungicides and insecticides can be doubtful. There are no generally valid recommendations for using additives with fungicides and insecticides. In spited of this additives can ensure and improve efficiency. They influence, to some extent even permanently, the uptake of the active substance. Additives activate spraying liquid or penetration of the spraying liquid. Page

Changes concerning labels of preparative for plant protection in regard of the upcoming membership of the Czech republic in the EU (Voznica)

As the Czech republic is going to join the EU the duty to label the preparative for plant protection is to be changed. In the majority of cases such preparative will be labeled in accordance with the risk factors concerning personal health and environment. The classification will be accomplished using standard R sentences. Page

Goltix Top irreplacable herbicide in the system of growing sugar beet (Svoboda)

Goltix Top is a selective herbicide with long-lasting residual detrimental effect on dicolytedonous weeds in sugar beet and beet for feeding. The advantage is that its uptake is effected via roots and leaves of weeds. Its detrimental impact on weeds is most pronounced from the phase of germinating till the unfolding of the first pair of genuine leaves. Page

Arrat new herbicide from BASF company (Pavelka)

In 2004 BASF company is introducing the first of the herbicides for protection of cereals and maize against dicolytedonous weeds on the market. This herbicide ,Arrat, contains the brand new active substance tritosulfuron, which belongs among sulphonylureas. The second active substance is dicamba (50 %), which complements the mixture due to its different characteristics. Page

Recommendations for herbicidal protection of cereals in the spring (Hladík)

Growths of winter cereals were in good condition before winter. On about 7080 % of arable land there occurs Apera spica - venti. Killing this weed is relatively easy, yet it is essential and can lead to increasing the costs of protection. Apart from Apera spica large numbers of dicolytedonous weeds can occur in the growths of winter cereals. Page

GALERA new herbicide for protection of oil-seed rape (Sikora)

A frequently occuring problems causing weed in growths of oil-seed rape is a bedstraw. In the previous years it was impossible to destroy this weed during spring treatments of the growths. Currently, this problem has been solved by introducing a new preparative Galera on the market. This preparative is fully selective for cole seed even in a double dose. Page

Guardian Safe Max herbicide aimed at the highest yields of maize (Matuš)

In 2003 Monsanto company introduced on the market a herbicide containing an active substance acetochlorine Guardian Safe Max. It differs from other herbicides by its new formulation in which the active substance is dissolved in oil carrier. The preparative, as well as the oil, does not evaporate when it is brought into contact with soil, but it penetrates deeper into soil where it creates a few centimeters thick active zone. Page

Herbicides for spring supplied by SUMI AGRO CZECH company (Hrbáček)

Company Sumi Agro Czech offers preparative racer for spring use. This preparative is primarily used in growths of sunflower and potatoes. It can also be used in growths of maize, but in this usage it has strong competitors in the form of cheap atrazines.For spring treatment it is possible to use herbicide Protugan 50 SC, which, for a reasonable price, has a detrimental impact on hairgrass. Page

Our pesticides from Pardubice for your field (Schejbal)

Herbicides made in Sythesie company are available for reasonable price and very effecient in terms of killing unwanted weeds in growths of sugar beet. Protection of sugar beet can be influenced by the choice of suitable preparative for the given spectrum of weeds, by the right dose, timing of application and right combination of preparative. Page

Economical possibilities of cereal protection against diseases (Jůza)

Usually, first occur diseases affecting bottom of stalks in winter wheat, and Erysiphe graminis. In spring barley, mainly in disease-prone species, Erysiphe graminis is dominant. Depending on conditions, Puccinia and mottles can also attack cereals. This early period is suitable for using preparative ATLAS in combination with other fungicides or on its own. Page

Hydro company is extending the series of well tested fertilizers HydroPlus TM (Sláma)

Well-balanced nutritious treatments and supply of wider range of nutrients to plants is more often than not more effective than the lopsided applications of nitrogen containing fertilizers.. Correct timing of supplying these nutrients, , i.e. prior to the time when the plant needs them, is of the same importance. Hydro company is extending the range of foliage fertilizers by complex fertilizers for cereals, cole-seed and sugar beet and by onecomponent microelements fertilizers. Page

How does fertilizer NP 26-14 and application of magnesium (fertilizer Magnitra L) via leaves influence the yields and quality of spring barley (Hřivna)

The necessary condition for achieving high yields of malting barley are both a good supply of available nutrients in soil and rational nutrition during the process of growing. Spring barleys demand for nutrients is an average one. It consumes nutrients intensely from the start of the growing process. The increased demand is caused primarily by the short period of growth and not well developed root-system. Page

Agrovital original adhesive with wetting effect (Hässler)

Many questions being asked by the professional agriculturists on usage of wetting agent AGROVITAL is being answered by the representatives of the company applying for its registration. When the preparative is used as a wetting agent a dose 0,25 0,3 liters/hectare is enough. In order to create a film of pinolen, thus preventing losses in harvest, it is necessary to use 0,7 liters/hectare. Page

Workshop on oil-seed rape, bringing agronomists closer to spring (Jirka)

In the middle of January the workshops Dow Agro Sciences, the topic of which was growing oil-seed rape with the purpose of making profit, took place in traditonal places in Prague, Prostějov, and inNitra and Košice (Slovakia). This year the workshop was held for the first time in south Bohemia in České Budějovice. Hundreds of agronomists, agriculturists and lecturers from renowned institutions took part in these workshops. Page

Testing mechanization means for plant protection (Harašta)

Complusory testing is is entering this year the fourth of the two-year periods. In the previous years the majority of Czech agriculturists became aware of the system of regular checks. At the beginning of the year 2004 the proposal of a new law on medical care for plants and new regulations were elaborated. The mechnization means form a part of this care and will be dealt with by a separate regulation. Page