English Summary AGRO 1/2005

The world changes and we change with it (Pavelka)

BASF Ltd. made a few changes during last year. The most important one is change in an organization structure. It was motivated especially by the effort to improve and bring the technical and professional consultancy closer to our customers users of BASF products.

Vivacious weeds effect on a spring weed infestation of winter crops (Mikulka)

In connection with the gradual global warming it is possible to monitor a warmer course even in the dormancy season during the last few years. The number of days when the ground is covered by snow, or the temperature is around the freezing point, is not very large. In winter there are quite often warm periods with the temperature over 5 °C. These temperatures are good enough for growing of many kinds of weeds even in the dormancy season.

Updating of the assorted minority indications in the plant protection with the state support list (Růžička)

According to the request of the Czech Republic Department of Agriculture the State Phytosanitary Administration, the Division of Plant Protection Products, updated the assorted minority indication in the plant protection with the state support list. There were responses from breeders associations and research institutions incorporated into the list.

Plant invasions in the open country (1) Are these plant invasions a real threat? (Holec)

In the serial of articles about “Invasion weeds” (AGRO 2003) there were introduced the most significant invasion weeds of the plough land in the Czech Republic. Such plants, with regard to its existence in agrarian cultures and negative interactions with crop-plants, represent a real threat for a production quality and then also for the agriculture plant economics.

A profitability of the corn-growing and the treatment against weeds (Portych)

One of the most important cost items is protection against weeds. If the cereal crop is not weeded well, it impairs the effect of the other intensifying factors, especially a fertilisation and an application of fungicides. The optimal season for the winter crops treatment is a full spring.

What the research of the grain mildew showed and where it leads up? (Věchet)

Answers for these questions were the main topic of the 11. International Conference about grain mildews, which took place in John Innes Centre, Norwich in Great Britain from August 22nd to August 27th. Over 150 research workers from the whole world took part in this conference.

Raxil not only a disinfectant (Drahorád)

For the protection of cereal seeds and germinating plants we generally use in the Czech Republic five or six disinfectants with a different efficiency spectrum for various diseases infectious by the seeds and the land. The significant part of the seeds is treated by Raxil disinfectants every year.

Helminthosporium of poppy (Bittner)

Helminthosporium belongs to the most serious diseases of poppy. It is spreading by the seeds and the poppy plant residuals. This fungus greatly participates in the comprehensive disease poppy helminthosporium. In the early development phases it can come to the root collar rheostriction and its browning, in the rose phase there appears brown necrotic spots on the leaves.

The poppy blight (Peronospora arborescens) (Bittner)

During last few years the poppy blight extremely spread in poppy seedlings especially on the ground of the spaces increasing concentration. The infection is mostly from the affected seeds where the pathogen lives.

Pests and diseases some of the medicinal herbs (Muška)

The medicinal herbs protection against the injurious agents is one of the determinative factors for the success in these herbs growing. Therefore it is important to pay increased attention to their protection. The used pesticides always must be in compliance with the valid “List of registered pesticides for the plants protection” and the protection period must be kept.

The protection of the winter oil-seed rape in spring (Filip)

The winter oil-seed rape look much better after last autumn than it was a year ago. Therefore if you have at least average or better seedlings from the point of view of the plants number and the health condition, this year it is a good investment to plant the rape with a view of the large crop.

Will the climatic changes bring the pests spreading and their quantity increasing? (Šefrová)

To consider the effect of the climatic changes on the specific composition and the pests quantity is not ease. It is not possible to bring any concrete prognoses without knowledge of bionomics, phenology and ecological demands of the undesirable species but unfortunately exactly these knowledge are very often rather incomplete. In respect of these climatic changes we should not expect a great shift in the pests specific composition.

The lethal plants fragrances the new trend in the plant protection (Pavela)

One of the possible biological protections against pests is using of the plants biological active substances, the so-called defense character (botanical insecticides). The real efficiency of the ethereal or essential oils on insects is not sufficiently explained yet. It is thought of monoterpenes as the major effective component. Mainly bureaucratic character barriers inhibit from the better propagation of these pesticides.

The insecticidal proteins invasive the structure and the physiological function of the pests intestine (Hubert)

The use of chemical agents is more and more complicated. These agents can sometimes endanger even a person; sometimes they have an undesirable influence on the living environment. For example the very often-used fumigant methyl bromide harms the ozone layer. Therefore there is an effort to restrict usage of these agents. After the “chemical” pesticides age there were some other possibilities looked for. One of the possibilities is the genetic engineering.

Nitrogen the irreplaceable element in the lend and the plant (Torma)

Nitrogen is together with carbon, oxygen and hydrogen the main structural element and is the essential part of the organic matter. It is a significant nutrition for plants; it is the important factor of proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, enzymes, chlorophyll and other compounds. Nitrogen is a very motile element, circulating between aerosphere, pedosphere and biosphere.

Why is it proper to fertilise by nitrate in spring? (Sláma)

The spring fertilising season is getting closer and many landowners think which strategy to choose. There are many kinds of the nitrogen fertilizers on the market that could be used. The decision is, of course, affected by the price of all individual kinds of fertilizers, their attainability in the concrete region, certain tradition and maybe also by other factors.

News in the spring barley varietal composition in the Czech Republic (Jurečka)

At present time there are registered 45 spring barley species in the Czech Republic. In 2004 the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture enrolled three new species of the spring barley into the State Species Book. For the malt production it is possible to use the species Eurojet and Nitran, Bolina is not applicable.

Stock the indispensable part of fruit trees (Nesrsta)

The stock is used also in other garden branches, for example in the decorative arboriculture and the vegeculture. The article talks about the stock species that are used in the pomological arboriculture. They are used to produce the trees that can be applied in the pomological practice. The until recently used extensive planting is drawing back to the intensive technologies and the good-quality fruits production.

Boost the productivity on fields, appeals KWS (Jirka)

According to KWS representatives the title appeal is the only certain protection against the efforts to change the sugar regulations in European Union that could impact on the reduction of the sugar beet areas and prices. The Czech croppers have the best crops in the Central Europe countries but they have a lot to catch up with France and Germany yet.

It is not a silage as a silage (Novotný)

The hybrid corns supplied on the Czech market by Saaten-Union are not only a guarantee of the high crops but also a very good digestibility and energy contents of the crop. These criteria are the main priority in the corn cultivation.

The oil-seed rape intensive growing and the new knowledge (Vašák)

Unlike the 2002-2003 season with the extreme drought in August and September, the last year climatic conditions were very hospitable for the emergence and the autumn growing. But there were complications with the crop of the foregoing crop because the vegetation in 2004 was very long. The considerable part was patched to the freshly prepared seedbed that was also good for the rape emergence.

Low temperatures and their effect on the photosynthesis and the energy content in the winter wheat leaves (Hnilička)

The growth processes reduction is characteristic in the winter season. The plant organism responds very sensitively on the transitory increasing of the temperature. This reaction is seen especially in the growth changes and the morphogenesis. The fact that the winter wheat restores its mitotic and the growth activity within 2 hours after it has been replaced to the temperature 2 °C confirmed the high regenerative capacity of the growth activity.