English Summary Agro - 6/2005

Perennial monocotyledonous weeds on arable land (Kneifelová, Mikulka)

Perennial weeds can appear on agriculture land every year. Due to its perennial character they allow to survive also in period that is not favourable for the specific kind. For example on arable land, where there is a regular cultivation, this kind is not able to produce seeds and therefore it often reproduces here by its roots vegetative reproduction.

Elimination of weeds, which are possible to exterminate with difficulty, in apple trees planting (Pražák)

Intensive modern type plantings require putting attention also from the point of view of the land treatment and extermination of weeds. With respect to the increasing effectiveness of the newly introduced varieties of apple trees, demands on assuring of optimal land structure with sufficiency of nutrition, humus and water are also increasing. These measurements relates mostly to the keeping of 2 metres long trunk girdles in apple trees planting where the biggest number of roots is concentrated and where there is a maximum nutrient load.

Problems of dwarf bunt in the Czech Republic (Benada)

Stinking smut (Tilletia caries) and dwarf bunt (Tilletia controversa) have the biggest effect on wheat in the Czech Republic. Stinking smut is efficiently regulated by all registered disinfectants against the Tilletia genus; on the other hand the dwarf bunt is restrained only by some of them (Dividend, Sibutol). Important part for barley represents also Ustilago nuda.

Soya-beans virus and bacteria diseases (Mižík)

This contribution describes ordinary diseases including their symptoms, which planters can meet with during their cultivating experience.

Asian soy-bean rust and its invasive expansion in warmer parts of the world (Holec)

There are no bigger problems with health condition of soybean crops in the Czech Republic; fungicide treatment is not implemented (essentially there are no suitable fungicides for soy-beans even registered in the Czech Republic). Also in the year 2004 there was no necessity to treat soy using other agents than herbicides.

Cultivated flax and Indian hemp pests (Muška)

Cultivated flax belongs to the traditional crops planted in the Czech Republic. Pests that cause significant agriculture damages on this crop have a very big influence on the quality of the cultivated flax production. It shows the rising trend of cultivated flax areas in the Czech Republic that are treated against pests.

Forest pests (6) Gypsy moth Lymantria monacha (L.) (Liška)

The contribution series about the significant forest pests goes on and the next in order is a kind that is, or was at least till the very recent time, for expert and amateur public the synonym of a very dangerous forest pest (before it was forced out of consciousness by spruce beetle, which is probably the best known pest today in our country).

Vitavax 2000 more than just a disinfectant (Kopřiva)

I think there were many pages of trade papers and magazines written about disinfectants and Vitavax. Always you could find something new what strengthen the picture of Vitavax as a unique disinfectant with attributes that its competitors cannot boast of. Let me summarize why Vivatax is still the most popular disinfectant used not only in the Czech Republic but also in the world.

Experiences with regeneration of winter wheat affected by hard frost (Zahradníček, Faměra)

Serious stress injurious agent, that was endangering the winter wheat stands during the wintertime in 2003, was hard frost. On many places it was the reason of ploughing in, and if this has not been done, it was the reason of low crops. It had negative effect on the quality of grain. In the operational test there were reviewing regeneration and physiologically active actions of the bio-stimulator Atonik.

Sulphur is also necessary element in the plant nutrition (Torma)

Already at the end of the last century there was a significant falling of the sulphur loading to the agriculture land due to the complete fall of application of mineral and organic fertilizers and also due to the ecological restrictions (desulphurization of chimneys, liquidation of many old factories).

Choosing of rape seeds before seeding in 2005 Availability for the growing conditions (Baranyk, Fábry)

There are again more sorts of rapes competing for the Czech planters favour than in the previous years. Next to the traditional accruement of the new registered species there will be trading also in species from the common European catalogue.

News in species and hybrids of winter and spring rapes in the year 2005 (Zehnálek)

Recently the species structure experiences a very quick change that is the result of intensive breeding activity especially on working sites in France, Germany, Great Britain and Sweden. Improving of the species practical value proceeds quite steadily both in the line group and also in the hybrid group.

The cereal quality (Burešová, Palík)

The cereal quality is interpreted by array of grain physical and chemical properties. For example at food wheat there are totally 12 parameters that are evaluated. Food wheat means mature corns of registered species of the wheat Triticum aestivum L.

Changes of ground characters for minimising technologies (Horák)

All agro-technical measurements have effect on creating of agro-ecological conditions for singular crops, but the way of ground processing, where there are important changes in the ground density, porosity, water and air capacity, capillarity, conductivity of heat and many others, has the most significant effect.

Growing of genetically modified corn has its own rules in the Czech Republic (Čeřovská)

On the basis of European Commission recommendation some member states have got growing of genetically modified crops regulated; the Czech Republic is one of them. For this year there are conditions for planters of genetically modified corn, so called Bt corn, defined in the government regulation No. 145/2005 about providing some conditions for contribution of state supplementary payments for direct support in the year 2005.

Creating of the field pea crop depending on the weather conditions and soil tilth (Candráková)

Leguminous plants are very important group of agriculture plants. The production process of legumes depends a lot on the course of the weather conditions in each vegetation period. During the time of blooming and ripening they are very sensitive on atmosphere conditions what becomes evident on the variability of harvest elements, which regulation is very low. From legumes that are planted in Slovakia the largest area belongs to field pea.

Stress factors in the sugar beet growing (Pulkrábek, Jozefyová, Urban, Šroller)

Sugar beet has phylo-genetically encoded requirements on specific level of the environment factors. If these factors affect too much, there is a space for burden or stress. Sugar beet reacts on stress by specific reactions that usually cause depression of the crop and a lower quality of the final product.

Dynamics of stubble interim crop biomass growing in areas with humidity deficit (Brant, Pivec, Kocourková, Neckář, Venclová)

Adding of interim crops into the cropping pattern is connected with their multifunction positive effect from the agriculture and ecological point of view. Due to the growing of interim crops it is possible to help to better phyto-sanitary state of the ground, to ensure cessation of the grain seed operations, to prevent blowing of nutrients and erosion, to transform solar energy in the interspace time, to stabilize the organic matter balance, to increase the offer of food for free-living organisms and etc.

The insecticidal proteins invasive the structure and the physiological function of the pests intestine (Hubert)

The use of chemical agents is more and more complicated. These agents can sometimes endanger even a person; sometimes they have an undesirable influence on the living environment. For example the very often-used fumigant methyl bromide harms the ozone layer. Therefore there is an effort to restrict usage of these agents. After the “chemical” pesticides age there were some other possibilities looked for. One of the possibilities is the genetic engineering.

Water deficit influence (dryness) on creating of crop elements and the crop of wheat (Hnilička, Hniličková, Bláha)

From all physico-chemical actions of the nature that has the most important effect on growing and productivity of plants the water deficit is on the first place and we call that as a water stress. Water, within the natural and also artificial ecosystems, has a very quick circulation and its reserve in plants and in ground is suitable only for limited time.

Information about agriculture in Albany (Čermák, Torma)

In March 2005 there was a conference named “Element Balances as a Tool for Sustainable Land Management” that took place in Tirana in Albany. This conference was organized by University of Agriculture Tirana, Albanian Institute of Pedology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Swiss Federal Agriculture Research Centre (FAL) and by the fourth group of International Union of Soil Sciences.