EKONOMICKÁ EFEKTIVNOST VÝROBY SUROVINY PRO PRODUKCI OLEJE V RŮZNÝCH PĚSTITELSKÝCH SYSTÉMECH

Economic efficiency of different technologies of production of raw materials for oil production

Krzysztof JANKOWSKI

University of Warmia and Mazury - Polsko

Český souhrn (překlad J. Vašák)

V práci jsou uvedeny ekonomické ukazatele z pěstování řepky v technologiích s různou úrovní nákladů na přípravu půdy a na průmyslové vstupy do pěstitelské technologie.

Nejvyšší výnos ozimé řepky (3,85 t/ha) byl získán v podmínkách intenzivní technologie. V technologiích se střední a s nízkou úrovní výše vstupů byl výnos nižší o 0,65 t/ha, respektive u Low input systému o 1,39 t/ha.

Náklady na pěstování řepky v sezóně 2000/01 kolísaly v hranicích od 861 do 306 Euro/ha, což v naturálním vyjádření odpovídá 2,9 - 1,3 t/ha semen. Ve struktuře nákladů na pěstitelskou technologii řepky ozimá mají největší podíl hnojiva a herbicidy. Tyto dva vstupy nejvýrazněji (asi z 53-75%) ovlivňovaly nákladovost různých pěstitelských systémů.

Největší zisk (281 Euro/ha) byl získán v pěstitelské technologii se středním stupněm intenzity.

Polský souhrn

W pracy dokonano ekonomicznej oceny uprawy rzepaku ozimego w technologiach o zróżnicowanym poziomie nakładów na uprawę roli i przemysłowe środki produkcji.

Najwyższe plony rzepaku ozimego (3,85 t · ha-1) uzyskano w warunkach intensywnej technologii produkcji. W technologiach średniointensywnych i ekstensywnych plon nasion był niższy odpowiednio o 0,65 i 1,39 t · ha-1.

Koszty uprawy rzepaku w sezonie 2000/2001 wahały się w granicach od 861 do 306 euro · ha-1, co stanowiło równowartość pieniężną 2,9-1,3 t nasion. W strukturze kosztów produkcji rzepaku ozimego najwyższą pozycję zajmowały nawozy oraz herbicydy i to one w największym stopniu (ok. 53-75%) decydowały o kosztochłonności różnych technologii produkcji.

Największy zysk (281 euro · ha-1) uzyskano uprawiając rzepak technologą średniointensywną.

Summary

In the paper the economical estimation concerning inputs for different means of production and agrotechnology of winter oilseed rape was presented.

The highest yield of winter oilseed rape (3.85 t · ha-1) was obtained in the conditions of application of high input technology. In medium and low input technologies yields was lower by 0.65 i 1.39 t · ha-1 respectively.

Cost of winter oilseed rape growing in the season 2000/2001 ranged from 861 to 306 euro · ha-1 what was equivalent to the value of 2.9-1.3 tons of seeds. In the structure of production cost of winter oilseed rape the highest share amounted to mineral fertilizers and herbicides and those components determined in 53-75 per cents of cost consumption.

The highest profit (281 euro · ha-1) was obtained when medium input technology was applied.

Introduction

Volume of oilseed rape production in Poland has been decreasing since the beginning of 90-ties. The main reason the low stability of raw materials and reduction of market demands due to economical problems of oil processing industry and low volume of export (Rosiak et al. 2001). In 90-ties prices of oilseed rape changed even by 245 per cent (from 129 to 317 USD · t-1). Low stability of the market in Poland strongly affected the profitability of oil processing factories but also had adverse effects on economical status quo of farmers. The better situation at home market of oilseed rape was observed in the season 2000/2001 when the largest plant oil processing factory (Kruszwica Ltd belonging to CEREOL group) based its price policy on the French stock exchange market. This solution made a market more stabile but did not improve profitability of oilseed rape production. Profitability of oilseed rape was lower than cereals (Rosiak et al. 2001).

Grower is able to improve profitability only by cost reduction. It may be achieved by simplifying of production process and by application cheaper but effective means and technologies of growing. Not always introduction of simplified (low input) technologies gives the best economical results because reduction of yield value is higher than savings from reduction of production cost (Vašak i in. 1999).

The aim of our studies was to estimate agricultural (expressed in seed yield) and economical (expressed in money) results of growing of winter oilseed rape using technologies of different level of inputs.

Materials and method

Agricultural and economical estimation of the production of winter oilseed rape was based on field trial (plot area100 m2) performed in the seaason 2000/01 in Experimental Station of Olsztyn University. Experiment was carried out according to the following design (Table 1):

Table 1. Experimental design

Developed soil tillage consisted of: shallow ploughing, deep sow ploughing (30 cm), harrowing performed twice, before sowing, soil tillage and harrowing post sowing. Standard tillage was performed as: disk harrowing once, ploughing of medium depth (20 cm), harrowing made once, before sowing soil tillage and harrowing post sowing. Simplified tillage was performed as follows: disk harrowing, harrowing and direct sowing.

Seed of winter oilseed rape variety Lisek were sown between 10 and 20 August 2000 in 20 cm row spacing at the rate ranged from 100 (treatment A) to 150 germinating seeds per 1 m2 (treatment C).

Nutrients were introduced to the soil as the following solid fertilisers: urea (nitrogen), triple superphosphate (phosphorus), potassium chloride (potassium) and ammonia sulphate (nitrogen and sulphur) at dates and rates according to experiment design (Table 1). Only for treatment C nitrogen was applied as 6% urea solution in September. Foliar nutrition was applied as spraying of water solution of Solubor DF and urea (treatment A and B) and magnesium sulphate (treatment A). Sprayings were performed in blooming phase and were combined with pest control treatments.

Dicotyledon weeds were controlled twice on whole area of the experiment: (treatment A - Butisan Star, treatments B and C - Command + Lasso) and in the spring just after plant growth renewal (Lonrel on the whole area of the experiment). Monocotylodon weeds were controlled in autumn rape was at phase of 2-4 leaves (treatment A - Agil; treatments B and C - Perenal). Rates of used herbicides were applied according to recommendations of the Institute of Plant Protection in Poznań.

In the experiment inputs for pest control were also differentiated (Table 1). In the treatment A the following programme of insecticides application was introduced: Decis 2.5 2.5 EC (deltametrine) just after growth renewal; at blooming phase Nurelle D 550 EC (chloropiryphos+deltametrine) and at the phase of flower buds abscission Fastac 10 EC (alfa-cypermetrine). In treatement B only stem pests and (Decis 2.5 EC) rape blossom beetle were controlled whereas in low input treatment C only Nurelle D 550 EC against rape blossom beetle was applied. Pathogens were controlled by once (treatment A) or twice (treatment B) application of Horizon 250 EW. In low input treatment (extensive) fungi were not controlled (Table 1).

Data for cost calculation (input of labour force, tractors and machinery, standard efficiency of machine and fuel consumption) were collected from production fields. All tillage practices were made using a standard set of machinery in Polish conditions: U1014 + Atlas U103/1 (ploughing), U1014 + U248 (disk harrowing), U4512 + S043/3C (standard sowing) lub U1014 + John Deere 704 (direct sowing), U1014 + U216 (harrowing), U1014 + U429 (tillage unit), U4512 + P1018 (spraying), U1014 + N039 (fertilization) oraz Bizon Z058 (harvesting).

To calculate of operation cost of agricultural machinery methodology elaborated by Goć and Muzalewskiego (1997) was applied. Detailed description of this method is presented in our earlier paper Jankowski and Budzyński (2001). Cost of labour was assumed at the level of 1.65 euro · h-1 based on the data of income of farmers in 2000. Costs of means of production were calculated on the base of statistical data from first half of 2001 year and value of yield was calculated according to prices paid by oil processing factory Kruszwica Company Ltd in July and August 2001 (ca. 237 EURO for 1 ton of seeds).

Results

Direct cost of intensive growing of winter oilseed rape (with high share of industrial means of production - i.e. treatment A) amounted to 681 EURO · ha-1. Reduction of inputs resulted in decreasing of growing cost by 35 and 55 per cent for treatment B and C, respectively. (Table 2). It is worth to mention that the most expensive agricultural practice appeared to be mineral ferilization and weeding irrespectively of inputs. The total share of two mentioned source of cost amounted to 56-64 per cent of the total cost of rape production. (Table 2). Any modification of the rate of nutrients or in the regime of herbicides resulted in differentiation of total production cost. In our studies lower by 375 EURO · ha-1 cost of low input technology in treatment C comparing to cost in treatment A was caused by 60 per cent (i.e. 224 euro · ha-1) from savings from fertilization and weeding. Reduction of inputs for soil tillage or for pest and disease control resulted in lower extent of variation of total cost of production because in the conditions of Polish agriculture they are relatively cheap (Table 2).

Table 2. Cost of production of winter oilseed rape according to production proces (euro · ha-1)

Table 3. Cost of production of winter oilseed rape - according to source of cost (euro · ha-1)

Analysis of data presented in Table 3 it may be concluded that growing of rape demands very high inputs for industrial means of production (i.e. materials). For treatment A as much as 75 per cent of total inputs was cost of materials mainly fertilizers and herbicides (59 per cent). Reduction of inputs in treatment B or extensive technology - treatment C resulted in significant cost reduction but their structure remained unchanged because the highest share of cost still (52-58 per cent) amounted to cost of fertilizers and herbicides. From the data is obvious that prices of fertilizers and herbicides themselves not costs of their application affected total costs of winter oilseed rape production.

Studied technologies significantly affected yield of winter oilseed rape. The highest seed yield (3.85 t ··ha-1) was recorded for treatment A with high inputs. Limitation of inputs resulted in reduction of seed yield by 17 and 36 per cent for treatment B and C, respectively (Fig. 1). Known fact that oilseed rape is an intensive crop responding to reduction of inputs by decreasing of yield has been confirmed.

Total cost of intensive rape growing in the season 2000/2001 (treatment A) was equal to the value of 2.9 t of raw seed material. For treatment B and C value of yield covering cost of growing amounted to 1.9 and 1.3 tons, respectively (Table 4).

Fixed in 2001 price of oilseed rape at the level of 237 euro · t-1 ensured profitability of rape production, irrespectively of the level of intensity. Profitability index ranged from 1.26 to 1.79 (Table 4). It is significant that as inputs for soil tillage, fertilization and plant protection decreased cost of the unit of production and profitability index increased. Comparing cost of the production with value of yield it was found that the highest net income (281 euro · ha-1) was achieved in treatment B (medium depth of ploughing, cheap method of weeding, level of soil fertilization of 160 kg N, 26 kg P, 92 kg K; once applied foliar nutrition with N and B, twice applied insecticides and once applied fungicides). In treatment A the highest yield was obtained but cost of the production was the highest. Increase of yield value did not compensate production cost and final income was lower by 101 euro · ha-1. Exensive treatment C also gave lower income by 39 euro · ha-1 than treatment B.

Table 4. Some indices of economical evaluation of production of winter oilseed rape production

Conclusions

1. The highest yield of winter oilseed rape (3.85 t · ha-1) was obtained in the conditions of high inputs level. Reduction of input for industrial means of production (medium intensive and extensive technologies) resulted in reduction of yield by 17 i 36 per cent (i.e. by 0.65-1.39 t · ha-1).

2. Cost of rape growing in the season 2000/2001 ranged from 861 to 306 euro · ha-1, what corresponded to value of 2.9-1.3 t of seeds.

3. In the structure of production cost of winter oilseed rape the highest share was amounted to mineral fertilizers and herbicides (ca. 53-75 per cent) and their determined cost of given technology. Therefore reducing of the level of fertilization and selection of herbicides significantly reduced cost of the technology of rape growing.

4. Limitation of inputs for soil tillage, fertilization and plant protection of rape favorably affected index of rape profitability. However, the highest income (281 euro · ha-1) was obtained when rape was grown in the conditions of medium intensive technology.

References

Central Statistical Office.2001. Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland. Warsaw

Goć E., Muzalewski A.1997. Koszty eksploatacji maszyn. IBMER. Warszawa

Jankowski K., Budzyński W.2001. Productive and economical effects of simplifying of the production of oilseed winter rape. Part 1. Soil tillage and nitrogen application. Scientific Papers of the Agricultural University of Cracow, 73: 187-198

Rosiak E., Bielecki J., Burakiewicz J., Dzwonkowski W., Wąsiewicz E., Zdziarska T. 2001. Rynek rzepaku - stan i perspektywy. No 19. IEiGŻ Warszawa

Vašak J., Zukalova. H., Sova V. A. 1999. New technologies in winter rape (Brassica napus L. var. napus) production. Oilseed Crops, XX (2): 453-458

Kontaktní adresa

Krzysztof JANKOWSKI, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 8 Street, 10-718 Olsztyn, POLAND, E-mail: wojbud@moskit.uwm.edu.pl