English Summary Agro - 4/2005

The artificial crops condition II (Fiala, Bajer, Kašpar)

The average temperature in April 2004 was usually till 10 °C and it had a favourable effect on balancing of sprouts and on slowing down of development of both cultivated plants and weeds. Within the last years that has been a bit dryer especially during the spring seasons there was showing the lower effect of the spring herbicide treatment in cereals.

CALENDAR OF THE PLANT PROTECTION; recommendation for APRIL AND MAY (Gall)

We check the diseases distribution on the roots of the winter wheat stalks at the end of the sprouting when there are appearing brownies spots on the leaves. Mainly it could be Monographella nivalis,Fusarium, rhizoctonia and sometimes also Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides.

THE RESERVE SOWING AFTER THE PLOUGHINGS IN (Buryšková)

In sowing of the reserve crop-plants it is important to have in mind the amount of the nutrition applied in autumn to the ploughed land as well as the active substances applied to protect the original crop-plants. For example it is good to sow leguminous plants on the land that was fertilized with nitrogen in autumn minimally and conversely for the spring barley it is good to use land with a nitrogen higher rate.

Regulation of the corn weeds (Mikulka, Kneifelová)

Corn belongs to crop-plants that need a warmed land for sowing (78 °C). Therefore it is sown from the second half of April till 15 May. Because it grows very slowly in the start, it is weeded by many kinds of weeds that use such deficiency. The most important weeds that are weeding the corn belong late spring species.

The effect of the preceding crop and of the winter wheat growing intensity on the crop and the quality (Klem, Babušník, Váňová)

The winter wheat belongs to most important crop-plants in the Czech Republic and it is grown in all production regions over a range of nearly half of the cereal areas and almost on a fourth part of the acreage. It seeded area is between 700-900 thousand ha every year (except the year 2003, when the growing area was negatively affected by a high number of ploughings in due to the frost damage).

Wheat immunity against the wheat mildew The species immunity (Věchet)

At present time the significant factor in the protection against mildews is a genetically conditioned resistance. There were reached great successes in the breeding for resistance against mildews already in the first decade of the last century. They contained specific genes of resistance against the wheat mildew and the grain rust. Other genes of resistance against mildews in our wheat species came, in the progress of breeding, from the West European or Mexican species.

Fungicide treatment of the winter wheat experiences from the previous season (Bernardová, Fiala)

The diseases development in the cultivated plants always depends on the course of the weather. We all remember the last year was a bit more cold and wet. But in closer look at the precipitation data we can see that in the last year (autumn 2003 spring 2004) the total rainfall was quite consonant with the long-term normal.

Winter wheat species immunity growing in the Czech Republic against Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. (Šárová, Hanzalová)

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. (anam. Drechslera tritici-repentis (Died.) Shoem.), the causal agent of the wheat brownies leaf spot called “tan spot” is quite often pathogen in our conditions at present time. During the years 2000, 2003 and 2004 the PTR was the most often pathogen isolated from samples of the wheat brownies leaf spot originating from different sites in the Czech Republic.

Spring barley in the year 2004 (2) (Černý)

In the other report you can get informed with the results of research in the field of innovation of the spring barley growing technology in comparison with two different ones from the years 2003 and 2004. The report is about possibilities of the use of growing stimulators and morpho-regulators, fungicides and the overall economic confrontation of the testing technologies.

Peas diseases and protection against them (Ondřej)

To the mid sixties of the last century the Ascochyta pisi and Fusarium oxysporum belonged to the most serious diseases of peas. The change in the variety composition by applying the low fruticulose species to the planting use (Raman, Rondo, Orlík, Laga, Dik-Trom, Hylgro etc.) eliminated the existence of anthracnosis and the wilt disease but it conduced to a significant change in the diseases presence.

Prognosis of the cockchafers swarming and the grub harmfulness in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic in the year 2005 (Muška)

In the Czech Republic there were noticed by SPA (The State Phytosanitary Administration) same damages caused by the feed of cockchafers on fruit trees in Otradovice (the county of Mladá Boleslav) and sometimes also in the county of Hodonín during the year 2003. Damages caused by the feed of grub were occasionally observed on new plants of the wine grape in the county of Břeclav (in autumn 2000 and from April to May 2001).

Forest wood-destroying agent; the cockchafer outbreak in the Czech forests (Švestka)

The cockchafers of the Melolontha genus are big beetles from the dung beetle family (Scarabaeidae). In case of their outbreak they can cause huge damages on the forest stands. It is important to pay attention especially to the young trees and new forest plantations that could be totally destroyed.

Calcium not only nutrition but also a soil-forming element (Torma)

Stabilization of the soil reaction favourable values is one of the preconditions for the soil stability and consequently its production function. In this connection it is necessary to say that the acidification tendency especially of the not carbonate soil is still actual namely in consequence of the atmospheric precipitations acidification not only by the air carbon dioxide but also by the emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide.

Spring fertilizing (Baierová)

The importance of the spring dressing is illustrated by the content of nitrogen from the soil samplings in November 2003 compare to November 2004. As during the time of writing of this contribution there is still snow on the fields, one can assume that during the snow thawing a certain amount of nitrogen will be dislodged under earth. In 2004 during the autumn soil samplings nitrogen in the nitrate form was found in the depth 0-30 cm in 56,8 % and in the depth 30-60 cm in 65,8 %.

Mineral fertilizers optimalization with respect to the existence of the space and time agrochemical soil features variability (Štípek)

New technologies take advantages of up-to-date computer techniques, the GPS satellite navigation and GIS (Geographic Information System), which are included in the so called precision farming system, and, using an adequate geostatic method, can precisely monitor the existence of any space irregularity in agrochemical soil features that are used for fertilization by phosphor, potassium, magnesium and pH regulation.

Growing stimulation and the oil-seed rape leaves nutrition during the spring season (Škeřík)

Half-operating tests with different kinds of leaves fertilizers and growing stimulators belong to a regular activity of the Union of Oilseeds Growers and Processors already for a few years. From the assortment of the leaves fertilizers we try to choose the ones, which are convenient for rapes, and to test the optimum schedule, the way of application and the rate of every preparations.

Under-sowing intermediate crops in the corn stands (Brant)

The establishment of the under-sowing intermediate crops to the corn stands was primarily subject to the need of the weed regulation in its growing within the ecology agriculture systems. But at present time there is also growing the importance of the organic matter benefit and the protection against erosion in this wide-line crop.

Production of the sugar beet and sugar in the year 2004 (Zahradníček, Tyšer, Kožnarová, Soukup, Švachula, Bubník)

We can approach to the sugar-beet campaign evaluation from various aspects because the sight of a cropper, sugar-producer and agro-meteorologist could be apparently different. The final product characterized by the crop and the quality of sugar beet and white sugar is determined by both the human impact and also the weather conditions. Last three years 2004, 2003 and 2002 are a clear proof of that.

Production potential of soybeans and its nutrition requirements (P. Štranc, J. Štranc, D. Štranc)

Production potential of every single plant (crop) is given by its inner value that means its nature and physiological state. Its realization is then significantly influenced by objectively existing state of the external environment, respectively by agro-ecological conditions of the certain site and the growing technology.

Honey bee ensure pollination also in closed spaces (Přidal)

The pollination is done not only on field crop-plants but also on crop-plants growing in isolation. In greenhouses there are grown specific crop-plants with a view to get their fruits also in the off-season time: tomatoes, peppers, strawberries etc. But in such isolation there are grown also plants with a view to protect them from pollination with pollen from not known resources. In greenhouses, plastic greenhouses, net isolators and also in growth chambers there is assured namely plants breeding that is conditioned by the pollination control.