English summary AGRO No. 6/2003

Plant Protection Calendar. Recommendations for June and July

As for pests it is recommended to monitor the occurrence of aphides and caterpillars. Monitor also carefully the spread of fungal diseases in potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers , onions, grape-vine and other sensitive crops. When treating special species it is recommendable to apply a suitable fertilizer to foliage in addition to normal preparative so that it can make up for possible fluctuations in the amounts of nutrients absorbed by the roots. Page 4

Research on new herbicides in seedy grass growths

In 2001 the research called “Innovation of technologies of growing in grass seed growing and research on seeding technology of newly implemented grass species “ which dealt with the problems relevant to grass seed growing was carried out. In regard of the changing spectrum of weeds, diseases and pests as well as the list of permitted preparatives it is vital to continue trying to solve these problems. This project should be made capable of dealing with the current problems in the grass seed growing and in fodder crops growing as a whole. Page 8

Prospects of weed regulation in trefoil grown for seeds

Trifolium incarnatum is an annual plant sowed normally in the summer between the mid of August and the beginning of September. It is mow n only once and has an average quality of fodder. Currently it has a good use as summer or rather a winter crop for „green“ fertilizing or as a plant for temporary fallow land , capable of maintaining the fertility level of the soil while preventing it from getting weedy. It also is a plant suitable for recultivation. Page 10

Invasive weeds (6): Panicum miliaceum

Panicum miliaceum L. has been grown in the Czech republic for a long time as a cereal. Ever since the end of the 20th Century it has occured as a wild plant as a weed. Weedy millet came into existence as a result of hybridization that took place between its cultural form and the millet species growing wildly. While we can find just single plants or small groups of plants in railway-stations or in shambles, in fields weedy millet occurs. In large amounts thus preventing the growth of the crop and creating a longtime store of the seeds. Page 12

Solidago canadensis and Solidago gigantea in the Southern Moravia region

As a result of putting soil into rest, various p;lant types with a potential for causing harm to agriculture have spread throughout the Czech republic.This applies to Brno region and Southern Moravia. These are not original plants as they used to occure rarely and only on different locations. They have spread gradually. This, unfortunately, is a natural development that results in wide spread of undesirable plant species. Page 16

New attitudes toward protection against the Cercospora beticola in sugar beet

Cercospora beticola poses a permanent threat to sugar beet growers in the Czech republic. Not only does a failure in protection against this disease lead to extensive loses in the root yield but it also results in lower quality and content of sugar in the sugar beet. It is essential for the protection to be perfect to adopt a comprehensive attitude based on the knowledge of the fungus biology, suitable methods of predicting the occurrence and development of the fungus, the use of a suitable fungicide, the right timing of the application of the fungicide taking into account the development of the weather and sensitivity of the particular specie sugar beet to the disease. Page 20

Diseases attacking fruits of stone-fruits

Successful protection of stone fruits against diseases and pests is vital for the harvest of stone-fruits to profitable. Special attention should be paid to the diseases attacking fruits as their spreading inn the time immediately preceding

the harvest can put the year-lasting efforts and care into jeopardy. . The most significant and widespread diseases are brought about by fungus Monilinia fructigena and, as far as stone-fruits are concerned, by Monilinia laxa. Page 24

Wood destroying fungus the causing agents of decay in ornamental trees and forest tree species. Decay afflicting roots

Wood destroying fungus and the decay they cause in roots, tree- trunks and branches rank among the most serious problems affecting not only forestry

but also all other parts of wood growing such as the greenery scattered throughout the landscape, alleys, orchards, parks and forest gardens. Of course, each of the above areas of wood growing differs from the others in terms of the conditions enabling the disease, as well as the development of the given disease and the extent of harm it can cause. Page 28

Loses in the yields of sugar beet caused by natural disastrous

Natural disastrous such as hail storms present a danger that cannot be prevented.

The extent of the loses and reduction in sugar content depends on the degree of the particular damage as well as on the phenological phase of the growth

in the time the disaster. Usually, the leaves of sugar beet are damaged most or even destroyed by a hail storm. This has a direct effect on the yield and sugar content. Page 32

Some abiotic disorders in vegetables - III

A unique group of disorders form the ones brought about by air polutants. The most frequently occurring exhalations are sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogene a smog, soot and fly ash. The symptoms brought about bz air pollutants vary from case to case depending on the particular pollutant as well as on the particular vegetable species. In addition to all the abiotic disorders mentioned previously there are also non specific abiotic disorders. These include among others , the drying of the points of leaves on onions and garlic, that is not due to a biotic cause. Page 36

Nutritional balance in agricultural soils and its results in Slovakia

Balance of nutrients in crop production is very important information not only for agriculturists but also for economists and environmentalists. It is a source of information about the soil and the possibilities of its further use. A long-lasting excess indicates a possible pollution of the environment whereas a permanent deficiency of nutrients indicates that the soil reserves are exhausted. Page 38

New species of the registered turnip oil plants in 2003

The range of species of turnip oil plants has increased in 2003 by 9 speciesof winter oil-seed rape of „00“ quality. Six traditional species and 3 hybrides have been recorded in the State book of species. All can be characterized by high yields of seeds and the quality of many species has improved particularly in terms of increase of oil content , which is most significant in the hybrid species category. Page 42

Be careful when buying seeds and seedlings

The amended Bussiness put more emphasis on providing guarantee.

Since 2002 a modified business code has been valid. The seller must prove that he delivered goods of the required quality. What impact does this have on sales and purchases of seeds and seedlings? Seeds and seedlings of type Zsupplied by companies dealing with seed growing and plant growing, is subject to certification at first. This means that the growth or plantation which it comes from underwent tests and was acknowledged by an auditing body. That ensures that seeds and seedlings must fulfill certain requirements in terms of quality. Page 48

The influence of fungal diseases on the sugar content

Weeds occurring in sugar beet growths can result in lower content of sugar. Also, occurrence of fungal diseases tends to affect negatively technological quality of sugar beet , content of sugar and yield of polarized sugar. More emphases is being put fungicidal treatment during the growth. Page 54

Spodnam DC guarantee of high yields of good quality

Spodnam DC is a preparative that should be used to prevent loses both during the harvest and long lasting periods of rains. Furthermore it increases the quality of the harvested crops and enables agriculturists to better plan the harvest. When combined with total herbicides it quickens their action and protects them from being washed away by rain. Spodnam DC is highly profitable and the costs for his application can be paid off a few times in two moths. Page 56

Preparates BASF complex offer for treatment of cereals

BASF company added to its portfolio a few active substances. Among them also triticonazole a iprodione. These form a part ofr dressings that are sold under the trade names Premis 25 FS, Premis Universal and Panoctine Total on the market. The last is registered in The Czech republic but it has not been practically introduced on the market yet. The current offer of preparatives by BASF company thus increased by the important part of complex plant protection dressings for cereals. Page 58

Effectiveness of selected herbicides in relation to the drop sizes of the applied liquid

The drop size is an important factor of spraying in plant protection that have a great influence the effectiveness of the application and the possibility of the

loses of pesticides .The process of turning the liquid into a spectrum of drops and the fate of the drops depends on physical properties of the substance, the volume of the solution to be used, working pressure, and the conditions in the immediate environment in the time of application . The fate of the drops and of the substances they contain has a significant influence on the environment, primarily water and air pollution. Page 64