English summary AGRO No. 8/2003

CALENDAR OF PLANT PROTECTION Recommendations for August and September

Potatoes - in case weather with increased humidity the spreading of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) continues in all growths. In areas with a harmful occurance of the blight(over 25%) it is suitable to destroy tops to prevent bulbs from being attacked. In last years and particularly in last year the pressure exerted by the late blight was unusually great. This disease started very early this year and it is very likely that if the attack by the blight on the plants is strong it can result in bulbs being attacked.

The current trends in occurrence of weeds in winter cereals

Arable crops together with weeds form so called artificial plant populations artificial plant communities, which unlike natural plant communities are fundamentally influenced by human activities (e.g. some plant communities in protected territories). The occurrence of individual species of weed in artificial plant communities is significantly influenced by biological properties of both components.

„Less significant“ weeds in growths of field crops

The occurrence of weeds in arable soil is influenced by many factors. The resulting changes may have a long term or short term effects. Individual weed species continually adapt to the changing weather factors , to the technologies used in crop growing and to the herbicides used. Some weeds were unable to adapt to soil cultivation and seemingly disappeared from fields. By their effort to create the most suitable conditions for field crops the agriculturist permanently influences diversity of weeds on arable soil.

Applications of herbicides prior to or after plants sprouting up? Requirements, advantagesand, disadvantages

Demands on the application after the sprouting. The final effect of the applications after the plant has sprouted up is relatively little dependent on the soil conditions. The decisive part is played by weather in the time of application as well as by the growth activities and stages of the weeds. In addition, the efficiency is dependent on the wax thin layer on the surface of the top side of leaves. The latter is primarily influenced by the weather. Dry sunny weather encourages the creation of the wax layer. Rain or dew, on the other hand, make the layer thinner and increase permeability of the layer.

Invasive weeds (8): Cuscuta trifolii parasitic weed in fodder crops

From the point of view of ecological relationships weeds are considered to be competitors for field plants. This does not apply to parasitic weeds. Unlike autotrophic plants these species are not able to obtain enough energy from photosynthesis and they are heavily ( though in many cases not fully ) dependent on the host. In the Czech Republic Cuscuta trifolii is the most important weed.

Effect of morphoregulation of fungicides in oil - seed rape

In recent times fungal diseases (particularly pathogen Phoma lingam) attacking growths of oil seed rape resulted in significant damage in these growths. Also reduction in the number of plants was caused by winter. For this reason an experiment was started in the test station in Kluky u Písku the purpose of which it was to find out which fungicides not only affect fungal diseases, but also influence plants so that they can survive winter and emerge in good condition afterwards.

The date selection for seeding winter cereals with regard to occurence of virus diseases

and their vectors

In the last two years new risks accompanying growing winter cereals which our agriculturists were not prepared for and the consequences of which resulted in a significant economic loss.

These new risks presented by virus diseases, diseases of roots and reduced capability of surviving low temperatures are not unknown in our country, but they have not occurred for a few last years

Treatment of oil seed rape against crumbling away of grain and its growth regulation

Until recently, approximately until 2000, we did not treat oil seed rape in the autumn. Only exceptionally 4-6 liters per ha of Retacelu R 68 were applied , when the growth was intense, or 30 kg N/ha when the growth was weak, in the second part of September. Now we cannot almost do without dressed seeding often with additional application of an insecticide within a week after sprouting up. If slugs or field mice spread it is necessary to treat the growth of oil seed rape.

White blights in vegetables

The general term ” white bligths “denotes plant diseases caused by the following three funguses Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia minor and Sclerotium cepivorum.

Diseases attacking ornamental woods in gardens

Forest woods grown in orchards, parks, and gardens usually suffer from the same diseases as they in forests. There are, however, plenty of specific differences particularly in the attitude toward the disease in terms of both the economy , the environment and aesthetics

Autumn pests of oil seed rape and the possibilities to protect young growths

Oil seed rape, particularly winter variety, is the most important oil plant in the Czech republic. Its protection against pests and diseases should therefore be appropriate. In the upcoming time, when new growths will be founded, it will necessary to protect oil seed rape against autumn pests among which slugs are the most important ones

Numbers of field mice are at its lowest

Since August 2002 the development of weather in the Czech republic has taken an unusual course. One of its consequences was the late harvest of some crops in the Autumn 2002 as well as agro - technical works and winter crops seeding being performed late in the autumn. A strong humidity in soil led to its freezing to depth during winter 2002/03. All these factors had a negative influence on wintering of many species of animals including field mouse.

News among the registered species of winter tritikale in 2003

The assortment of winter tritikale was increased by three grain species in 2003. The species Kitaro, Lamberto and Ticino were recorded in the State book of species. The important characteristic in these newly registered species is high yield of grain and increased resistance against being lodged.

Experience with using reduced doses of graminicid Agil 100 EC in application to prevent grain from crumbling away

In past years almost all companies informed their clients in their recommendations about registration of reduced doses of graminicides for autumn treatment of oil seed rape used prevent grain from crumbling away. Since the portfolio of Agrovita ltd contains a graminicidal preparative we decided to herbicidal potential of graminicide Agil 100 EC when used to stop grain from crumbling away in reduced doses.

Triflurex 48 EC against Apera spica - venti incereals in an economical way

Apera spica - venti ranks among the most widespread grass weeds in winter crops. Despite the fact that more than half million hectares is treated against this dangerous weed annually, still a lot of growths remains heavily infested with it. Significant damages in terms of economy take place when the density of this weed is 15 20 plants per square meter.

Using 100% application in emaciating seeds is the right choice

It is far from my intention to write an article on a similar note as do all those articles

being published in our newspapers that so often complain about our government not protecting enough the interests of our agriculturists and about the prices of agricultural commodities being wrong. I want to present our society in a realistic way the way it really functions. I want to describe the philosophy it applies in business in the area of agriculture on both the domestic and European markets.

Nutrition taken up by leaves of oil seed rape in the autumn

Winter oil seed rape has become a very important crop in seeding procedures in the recent years and the agriculturists consider it a very important crop primarily in terms of money it can bring.The last two years have been inconsistent as far as its growing is concerned. The reasons for this rests in many factors that include the unusual development of weather leading to growths being set up in a wrong way, the continuously deteriorating state of arable soil in terms of nutritional content and attacks by diseases and pests taking an extreme course. If we want to prevent these problems from taking place we have to start thinking about how to set about them now.

Cukrovital K400 to ensure higher yields and sugar content of sugar beet

Like Nitrogen (N) , Pottasium (K) has a great physiological influence on the activity of the enzymes that play part in metabolism of sugars. It is generally known that potassium influences polymerization of saccharides. This may be used to explain high consumption of Kby root-crops. Kalso activates transportation of assimilates from leaves to reproductive organs. Nutrition containing Khas a good influence on the syntheses of vitamins which is related to its good influence on sugar metabolism.

The influence of percentage of arable soil taken up by oil seed rape, alteration of crops and soil processing in a reduced way on the health state of winter oil seed rape

Winter oil seed rape has ranked, without doubt, among the most wide spread and favorite crops in the Czech agriculture in the last years. It is harvested relatively early and thus brings early money to the companies growing it. Sometimes it does not result in the profits expected in view of the money invested.

A long lasting test spreader using a new technique EMC by Rauch company

The spreader for industrial fertilizers Axera - H should work especially accurately due to the new technique EMC. This, of course, reflects in the price and the needed equipment. Spreaders with built scales in them enabling to achieve precision of industrial fertilizers application better by 4 and more percent. This has also been confirmed by the tests we carried out. Also Rauch company from Sinzheimu produces spreaders with integrated scales.

List of harmful factors

Pests harmful to cereals.