FOTOSYNTETICKÁ SCHOPNOST HISTORICKÝCH A SOUČASNÝCH JEČMENŮ

Fotosyntetická schopnost historických a současných ječmenů

Photosynthetic efficiency of historic and contemporary spring barleys

Dana Hradecká

CAU Prague, Department of Crop Production

Souhrn, klíčová slova

Příspěvek porovnává fotosyntetickou kapacitu stoletého ječmene Norimberského a současné odrůdy Akcent.Na přechodu k novému tisíciletí nastává intenzivní interdisciplinární spolupráce biologických věd umožňující detailnější pohled na fotosyntézu, jako fázovou postupnou přeměnu energie fotonu v energii chemickou, a její vazbu v sušině molekulami chlorofylu za spoluúčasti karotenoidů, a bílkovinných struktur enzymů. Aktivitu zúčastněných komponentů lze hodnotit dle průběhu křivky rychlé fluorescenční indukce, (RFI = angl. QFA), pomocí které můžeme na molekulární úrovni posuzovat změny růstu. Presentované hodnoty svědčí o šlechtitelském pokroku uplynulého období. Metoda RFI umožňuje rychlé postižení změn metabolismu, a informuje o biochemických energetických nárocích, o pohybu látek a energie na molekulární úrovni.

Klíčová slova: historický ječmen Norimberský, současná odrůda ječmene Akcent, rychlá fluorescenční indukce

Summary, keywords

The aim of the paper is to compare photosynthetic efficiency of historic and contemporary spring barleys Norimberk and Akcent. Intensive interdisciplinary colaboration make possible detaile view on a proces of photosynthesis as complicated and polyphasic, consecutive energy attraction, binding and change of photon from sunlight to chemical energy, of dry matter.The activity could be evaluated by the method of quick fluorescent analyse -RFI. Present value make evident genetic hereditary progress past session. Method RFI make possible very quick affect of metabolic changes and give some informations about biochemical and energy claims of cells and about the transport of nutritions and stock matters as about the transport of energy on molecular level.

Key words: contemporary variety of barley Akcent, historic variety Nürnberg, quick fluorescent analyse ( QFA)

Introduction

In a transition to new millennium there is intensive interdisciplinary collaboration between biology,chemistry, biophysic and other natural science, which make more possible detailed view to photosynthesis, as polyphasic, consecutive energy attraction, binding and change of photon from sunlight to chemical energy, and its building dry matter of assimilating plants.Thiese actions follow through moleculs of chlorophyll (1/3 through chlorophyll a, and circa 1/10 through chlorophyll b) under participation of carothenoids and protein structures of enzymes, which catalyse reactions of metabolism (KRAUSE 1958, GORKOM 1986). The activity of components involved, could be evaluated under the curve of quick fluorescent induction analyse (QFA)I. from which cardinal points could be deducted and the efficiency of light collecting (Vj) and connecting (Vi) anthens of chlorophyll and the activity of photosystems PSI and PSII, as parts of chlorophyll and their collaboration with quinons and cytochromes could be evaluated (DAU 1994). By this method we can more precise crop productivity potential, and energy balance of photosynthesis in relation to stand. After, we can in a molecular level evaluate stress impact caused by violent drought or temperature, and response of damaged plants by growth. According to of growing processes we can evaluate stresses and we are able to control them, by spraying of antistressors as cytokinins (Horgan 1976) or brassinosteroids (Chripac 1989) .

Methods

Experiment was made in Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, in little polyvinyl plots 10x10x10 cm in 3 repetitions. Measuring of quick fluorescent analyse on intact juvenile plants was made by Plant efficiency Analyser verse P02 003 and evaluated by Winpea 32, firm Hansatech Instr. Ltd.Norfolk PE 321JL England. Main basic kriteria of QFI: initial fluorescence (Fo), maximal fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv), and quantal yield of the fluorescence (Fv/Fm), as degree stress were determined,similarly as area (A),which is integral space under the curve of quick variable fluorescence. The time of attainment maximum of fluorescence(Tfm) was collected too. Thiese values were used for calculation of energy balance parameters of photosynthesis by the method described in STRASSER (2000) The activity of plastoquinon complex was evaluated by Sm = energy of metabolic transformation by Qa, Vi + Vj as indicators of photochemical reduction Y, which determine amount of primary energy indispensable for elektron transport for start of biochemic reaction of the photosynthesis, and Eto/ABS as economic energy consumption for transmission in membrane.Measuring on 45% light intensity and duration of the illumination 1 sec, recomended Naus, Matoušková 2000. Varieties compared in experiment were Akcent (contemporary one) and Nürnberg (centenarian, historic) from historic discovery in cupola of Nürnberg theatre.

Results

By them we can disclose: Contemporary species -Akcent distinguish from historic by lower initial (Fo), and basal (Mo) fluorescence. Maximal fluorescence (Fm) and variable fluorescence (Fv) are in contemporary species higher than in centenarian variety Nürnberg. In consequence quantal yield of the fluorescence, whose diminution is an indicator of stress is higher in contemporary resistant cultivars, which come to fluorescent maximum in shorter time than old Norimberk barley. Net rate of assimilation, is in contemporary species higher than in Norimberc. Contemporary varieties show more intensive Fj, Fi, , as Vi +Vj and they show vigorous photo chemical reduction. Old Norimberk barley has higher “turn-over“=Sm. System Qa of this variety transmit higher amount of energy manifested by the value N. Constant Sm/Tfm(ms), as indicator of the activity Qa system is higher in Akcent .Old Norimberk barley is demanding on initial raise energy, of electron transport and to displacement of electron excited.They are more exigent in energy for metabolic transfer, in photosynthesis (see value Y).Requirement of energy on membrane determined by Eto/ABS, is higher at more efficient in contemporaneous varieties type Akcent.

Statistically significative results (see Tab. 1, Fig.1+2) were find out:

Conclusion

Values published manifest genetic improovement and hereditary progress made in past period. Utilization of QFA,and the values measured by this method, certify thiese analyses as expeditive conclusive way, which quickly inform about heredity success and reflect reaction to agrotechnic, treatment or impact of harmful factors of outside, stand, or calamity which drag crop by stress. If we knew enough about them, we could promptly control or avoid stresses by convenient growing stroke. This method make possible rapidly determine changes in metabolism, and inform us about biochemical and energetical claims and about action on molecular level.

Literature

Chripac J.:Proceedings of the conference on BRSt.Minsk,168 (1989).

Dau,F.J.:Photosynthetica,31,128-136 (1994).

Gorkom,F.D:.Photosynthetica 34,(3)427-38 (1986).

Horgan H.: Phytochemistry 22(5),(1983.).

Krause J.:Ann.Rev.Plant Physiol 42,:349-356 (1958).

Naus,J., Matouskova M.: Practical exercise book UFP,Olomouc 65.

Strasser R.:Photochemistry 36,168-200 (2000).

Kontaktní adresa

RNDr. Dana Hradecká, CSc. Katedra rostlinné výroby, Agronomická fakulta ČZU Praha, 165 21 Praha 6- Suchdol, telefon 24382537, e-mail: hradecka@af.czu.cz

This paper was supported by research aim MSM 412100002