THE QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF CALENDULA OIL

THE QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF CALENDULA OIL

KVALITATIVNÍ HODNOCENÍ MĚSÍČKOVÉHO OLEJE

Ing. Miluše Štolcová CSc., Ing. Helena Zukalová CSc., Anna Prohasková, Věra Strnadová, Katedra rostlinné výroby, ČZU v Praze

Souhrn

Měsíček lékařský (Calendula officinalis L.) jako olejnina pro průmyslové využití, má následující kvalitativního hodnocení semen: olejnatost semen značně kolísá (4-25%) je ovlivněna klimatickými podmínkami, vyzrálostí semen, desikací a termínem sklizně. Z postupných odběrů v době dozrávání je patrno, že tvorba oleje odpovídala stejným zákonitostem jako u jiných olejnin. Složení oleje odrůd Plamen a Regina se výrazně nelišilo, zastoupení kyseliny kalendulové se přibližovalo standardu (45-55%).

měsíček lékařský, olejnina, olejnatost, složení oleje, kvalita

Summary

Calendula officinalis as oilseed crop for industrial application. The qualitative evaluation of this one is: oiliness of the seeds is variable (4-25%), considerably affected to climatic conditions, a grade of mature of the seeds, yes or non application to desiccation and the date of harvest. It was finded, that the production of calendula oil is liable to identical regularity as the other oilseed crops. The composition of calendula oil the varieties Plamen and Regina is approximately identical, the content of the fatty acids is approaching to standard.

Calendula officinalis, oil plant, oil content, composition of calendula oil, quality

Introduction

Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is known flower drug and ornamental flower in our country. The experiments with his cultivation like oilseed crop proceeded of late years in a few country western Europe, for example: in SRN, Great Britain, Italy - the research programs VOSFA and CARMINA.

From year 1997 they are on ČZU in Prague realized experiments under the auspices of grant agency NAZV. Purposes of experiments is work up optimal technology of cultivation pot marigold like oilseed crop in marginal region. The chief criterion profitability cultivation is quantity and quality adventitious calendula oil. The seeds contain 18-22% oil with 55% calendic acid. (Schuster, 1992) This acid contains 3 conjugate dual bindings in position: 8, 10, 12. This is oktadekotrien acid. (Angelini et all, 1997, Meier-Rőbbelen, 1987) This calendula oil contain: palmitic acid, stearic acid, oil acid, linolic acid and the isomers C18, too. The substitution these acids determine quality of adventitious oil, only in nuclei of achene is contained about 40-46% oil.

Material and methods

The experiments they are lead in double locality: intensive production type - the experimental establishment Červený Újezd and Vysoká u Příbrami (UKZUZ) in conditions whitch corresponding with a marginal region.

Two variety they are testing during these experiments, Czech variety Plamen and German variety Regina, at the same time are testing two technology cultivation:

1) width of rows 0,25m, application preemergent herbicide

2) width of rows 0,50m, mechanical cultivation during vegetation

The seeds maturing ununiformed , therefore growth was desiccated before harvest.

The oiliness seeds and constitution calendula oil was determinated in laboratory KRV - ČZU in Prague. The samples was necessary adjust on uniform dampness baking in drying chamber with the temperature 105°C, 4-5 o clock around and subsequently grind down.

Oiliness has been determinate classical method, Soxhlet s extraction. Ground sample (c. 3g) in paper patron input into extractor and extracting with petrolether, c. 16 o clock around. Residue of solvent was elimination vacual evaporation from acquired oil. Oil was further 1-2 o'clock baking with temperature 60°C. This one was weighted after get cold. Per cent of oil in dry matter was determinated by calculation.

The fatty acids was determinated like their methylestery by gas-chromatografy on capillary column. Identification of individual fatty acids was carry on by matter s spectrometer and interpretation by method relative substitution.

Results and discussion

The standard for analysis oil quality was obtained during chemical analysis of seeds in the year 1997, it is.: dampness 5%, oil in dry matter 20%, calendic acid 50-55%, linolic acid linolova 30%, oleic acid 4-7%, palmitic acid 2-3%, stearic acid 2-3%, the isomers C18 6-7%. Oiliness and content of fatty acids in oil are presentation in tables 1, graph 1-4.

These results showing, that oiliness seeds of Calendula is considerably variable. In the year 1997, locality Červený Újezd was oiliness approximately to standard at both varieties, but in locality Vysoká was oiliness very low (3-4%, the both variety). The cause to low oiliness was long time dryness and don't-emergence rate seeds, vegetation was termination prematurely desiccation to growth.

The year 1998 go well, lower oiliness was findings only in Červený Újezd, variety Plamen. Higher worth oiliness was registration in Vysoká. Top average oiliness (20%) was reached in the year 1999, in the both experimental locality, nor among the varieties wasn't findings substantial difference.

The content of fatty acids in calendula oil corresponding to the standard. In the year 1998 was finding high content palmitic acid (15%), characteristic for green seeds, in the variet Plamen, from lokality Červený Újezd, only.

In years 1998-1999 was during month August extracting sample of seeds to determination production oil (see. tab.2, graph 5-6). It was finding, that production of calendula oil is liable to identical regularity as the other oilseed crops.

Conclusion

The triennial results of monitoring quantity and quality calendula oil reflected, that:

1) variable oilness is considerably affected with climatic condition

2) the content of palmitic acid is affected stage of mature of seeds, immature seeds they have increased content this acid

3) the production of calendula oil is liable to identical regularity like the other oilseed crops

4) desiccation to growth is the cause of sink oiliness about 1-2%

5) the composition of oil the varieties Plamen and Regina is approximately identical, the content of the fatty acids is approaching to standard.

Literatura

Angelini, L. G., Moscheni, E.,Colonna, G., Belloni, P., Bonari, E.: Variation in agronomic characteristics and seed oil composition of new oilseed crops in central Italy. In: Special issue. Selected papers from the Third European Symposium on Industrial Crops and Products, Reims, France, 22-24 April, 1996. Part I.6, 1997, 3-4, 313-323

Meier zu Beerentrup, H.-Rőbbelen, G.: Screening for European Production of Oilseed with Unusual Fatty Acids. Angew. Botanik 61, 1987, 287-303

Schuster, W.H.: Ölpflanzen in Europa. Franfurt a. M., 1992

Internet, NF-2000 Online Database Information Items: AIR2-CT93-1817, Vegetable Oils with Specific Fatty Acids (VOSFA), Agricutural and Industrial Development of Novel Oilseed crops

Internet, NF-2000 Online Database Information Items: FAIR5-CT97-3713, Calendula as agronomik raw material for industrial applications (CARMINA)

Kontaktní adresa: Ing. Miluše Štolcová CSc., KRV, 165 21 Praha 6 - Suchdol

Výzkum proběhl za podpory Národní agentury pro zemědělský výzkuma Výzkumného záměru MSM 412100002.

OLEJNATOST A OBSAH MASTNÝCH KYSELIN V OLEJI CALENDULA OFFICINALIS L. (1997-1999)

Oiliness and contain of the fatty acids of calendula oil,

the results from the years (1997-1999)

tab. 1

* the datum is not at disposal

HODNOCENÍ TVORBY OLEJE NA POSTUPNÝCH ODBĚRECH

Evalution of production calendula oil from the extracting samples of seeds

tab. 2

Graf 1

Graf 2

Graf 3

Graf 4

Graf 5

Graf 6